Thursday, October 31, 2019

Is it worth investing in a pension (UK context) Dissertation

Is it worth investing in a pension (UK context) - Dissertation Example (Nader, 1991). As such, the overall importance of investing into pensions is critical from the point of view of maintaining a certain level of life style. It also ensures that the individuals have the sufficient funds apart from the State related benefits to maintain a very decent life style. (Lluberas, 2007). This is also evident from the fact that the overall pension funding gap is increasing rapidly every year and individuals require up to ?10,000 every year to fill that pension gap and the overall gap will be over ?300 billion per year.1 Trends also suggest that as the population ages, the overall ratio of people working to support the State Pension will decrease from 3.32 in 2001 to 2.44 in 2060. This decline in the overall number suggests that more and more people will be on the State Pension and as such the overall benefits may continue to decline due to the increasing pressure on the government to pay off State Pension to such large number of people every year. (Bonoli & Shin kawa, 2005) It is however, important to note that the different studies have suggested that the pension funds in which individuals invest for their pensions may not be performing well. Though most of the pension funds in UK achieved positive returns in 2010 however, considering the long term nature of such investments, it may be relatively arbitrary to conclude that the pension funds can provide sufficient and desired returns to ensure that the investors (individuals) will have sufficient pensions to live a comfortable retirement life. (Blake,2000) The choice of this topic has been mostly based on the assumptions that as the number of people grow and rely more on the State Pension, their overall standards of living may decline sharply when they are in the retirement age. Such sharp decline in the standards of living therefore requires that the people must consider investing into the Pensions from the days when they are earning higher amounts every year. (Cohen, 1981). A gradual cont ribution of the certain sum of money every year can help individuals to become more self sufficient in their retirement age. However, given the fact that the overall performance of the pension funds has not been up to the mark in recent times, a natural question arises as to whether it is rational to invest into pension funds? Could they provide the desired returns to the individuals when they are in retirement so that they can live a more comfortable life? Considering the above situation, the logical question also arises as to whether it is good to invest into pension funds? Can pension funds provide the desired level of returns over the period of time to ensure that they meet the objectives of the pension holders? The basic aim of this paper therefore is to explore and analyze the question of whether it is good to invest in pensions with special reference to UK market. This research project will also attempt to explore the question of whether the tax saving benefits can help the p ension industry, are there any factors which provide the incentive to save for the pensions considering the factors such as job mobility, with the stretching of the pension age by the government, what effect this could have on the overall planning for the retirement life of the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Sex is a natural preoccupation Essay Example for Free

Sex is a natural preoccupation Essay Sex is a natural preoccupation. It is on everyones mind from birth to death. For human beings sex can have a variety of meanings: instinctual, spiritual, pleasurable, an act of love to even one of power. Like most things untamed and complex, many feel the need to carve a different understanding of what sex means and define it to values most often rooted in religious philosophy, language and behavior. James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) is an intimate look at a young Irish writer, Stephen Dedalus, whose narrative becomes a fictional adaptation of Joyces own life as a young man. Throughout the novel, we read of Stephens conflict between his lust for women and his passionate devotion to the tenets of the Roman Catholic faith. His struggle is palpable and begs the question: Why? Julienne H. Empric articulates one theory in her essay The Mediation of the Woman and the Interpretation of the Artist in Joyces Portrait saying, [Women are] the magnetic force of that sensual creativity an artist must both court and reject in order to accomplish his purpose (Ben 11). Essentially, the characters inspiration and transformation comes from his fantasies of women (sexual and romantic) and his refusal to be too enchanted by such fantasies. To understand Stephens apprehensions about his sexuality, one must first have a fundamental understanding of the way Catholic ideology defines sexuality and the context by which sexual acts can be accepted. Catholicism has long encouraged careful and at times rigid expectations of its parishioners when it comes to sex. Catholic doctrine accepts sex for procreation within a heterosexual marriage. Religious leaders are asked to commit themselves to a life of celibacy. Carnal desires must be suppressed and homosexuality is forbidden. For difficult or troubled unions, divorce is not an option, only annulment, a process where a couples relationship is proven invalid of the real love that truly sustains a marriage. In another example, the act of masturbation is considered selfish pleasure and runs against conjugal purpose; therefore being unacceptable. Why is sex and sexuality so defined? Several points can be made. M. K. Hellwig suggests, The immediate results are depicted in the story [of creation]. They [Adam and Eve] become painfully aware of their nakedness, their vulnerability; they are embarrassed or afraid to be under scrutiny simply for what they are. They lose the experience of Gods friendship and intimate presence with them not because of Gods anger but because of their own fear, which drives them into hiding. (Hellwig 1981, p. 46) The humiliation of nakedness was a step in making sex taboo. When we engage in sex, we are naked, vulnerable, and surrender to inquiry and carnal desire. In Catholic doctrine, its acceptability is clearly limited to behaviors that serve a particular purpose unique to marriage. But in many respects, one can argue that sex, like religion, is also powerful, emotional, and susceptible. Therefore, it can to some become its own path to deeper meaning and connection, a part of life that can be seen and felt, and easier to commit to. We have inherited a world in which sex itself is a conflicted enterprise. It is no longer (if it ever was) an activity used solely as a means of reproducing the species. 2 Yet few think of sex as simply a way to obtain pleasure and enjoyment. In some ways, we are told that sex is the only way that each of us can truly be known and defined, that we are not truly coupled with another unless we are sexually active with that person. In other conversations (especially those associated with the sexual revolution), indiscriminate sex becomes the route by which we mark our liberation. As Christians, we are charged with the difficult task of sorting out which constructions of sexual activities belong in the new creation as outlined for us by Christ, and which concepts must be rejected. (Rudy 1997, p. xiv). So what does all this have to do with Stephen? His Catholic upbringing appears considerably stricter than one would expect from the average Catholic today. The process of assigning value to personal philosophy and behavior in reaching a higher purpose is vital to him. For Stephen both the church and [his] art become means not only to acquire nobility, but to enter a realm of pure spirit, shedding the repellant flesh forever (Benstock 124). He knows that to be sexually vulnerable is a one-way ticket to a hell he describes as a field of stiff weeds and thistles and tufted nettle bunches. Thick among the tufts of rank stiff growth lay battered canisters and clots and coils of solid excrement and this horror is incessantly grating on his conscious. Chapter 2, section five reveals to us Stephens first sexual experience. He wanders the streets for hours and finally one night a young prostitute dressed in a long pink gown, which he equates with the obscene scrawl which he had read on the oozing wall of a urinal propositions him and he uncomfortably accepts (Benstock 124). Her round arms held him firmly to her and he, seeing her face lifted to him in serious calm and feeling the warm calm rise and fall of her breast, all but burst into hysterical weeping. Tears of joy and relief shone in his delighted eyes and his lips parted though they would not speak. She passed her tinkling hand through his hair, calling him a little rascal. -Give me a kiss, she said. His lips would not bend to kiss her. He wanted to be held firmly in her arms, to be caressed slowly, slowly, slowly. In her arms, he felt that he had suddenly become strong, fearless, and sure of himself. But his lips would not bend to kiss her. With a sudden movement, she bowed his head and joined her lips to his and he read the meaning of her movements in her frank uplifted eyes. It was too much for him. He closed his eyes, surrendering himself to her, body and mind, conscious of nothing in the world but the dark pressure of her softly parting lips. They pressed upon his brain as upon his lips as though they were the vehicle of a vague speech; and between them he felt an unknown and timid pressure, darker than the swoon of sin, softer than sound or odour (Joyce 70 71). In surrendering, he exercises sexual freedom and yet again obsesses over his sinfulness. His romantic viewpoint soon diminishes his experience with prostitutes as cold, empty motion because he wants more. He needs love. When Stephen embraces the prostitute, we remember that this is the youth who is to announce his determination to press in his arms the loveliness which has not yet come into the world. In retrospect, the arms of the prostitute seem a poor substitute (Ryf 145). In other words, Stephen wants to make love, not just have sex to have sex. The act of making love seems to be the only thing worthy of standing up against his religious conviction. In the following paragraph of chapter three, section one, Stephen is again on a nightly prowl of the red light district. It is important to note how far his imagination takes the severity of his sin, as he increasingly feels handicapped by [his] sex and youth. He would follow a devious course up and down the streets, circling always nearer and nearer in a tremor of fear and joy, until his feet led him suddenly round a dark corner. The whores would be just coming out of their houses making ready for the night, yawning lazily after their sleep and settling the hairpins in their clusters of hair. He would pass by them calmly waiting for a sudden movement of his own will or a sudden call to his sin-loving soul from their soft perfumed flesh. Yet as he prowled in quest of that call, his senses, stultified only by his desire, would note keenly all that wounded or shamed them; his eyes, a ring of porter froth on a clothless table or a photograph of two soldiers standing to attention or a gaudy playbill; his ears, the drawling jargon of greeting: (Joyce 72). We soon see that Stephen never understands the opposite sex nor the mystery of the Church. His confusion leads him to a vacuum where the sacred and the mundane can interpenetrate. This unreal perspective he does develop and consequently it shapes his personal interpretation of Catholicism (Ben 14). By the end of chapter three, Stephen gives further elaboration on the hellish outcome that will befall him should he continue his current path. In chapter four, he attempts to rigorously discipline and engross himself in the ways of the Church in an effort to save his devious soul. He is racked by guilt and self-doubt. However, by now, the reader knows Stephen well enough to predict he will fail to meet the rigid standards he has made for himself. Bernard Benstock suggests, The rise of sexual desire in Stephen can be tracked from the photograph of the beautiful Mabel Hunter with demurely taunting eyes to the whore with frank uplifted eyes who first seduces him, to the imagined harlots in his guilty mind with gleaming jewel eyes (Benstock, 188). So distracted by the surreal nature of his fantasies, Stephen is unable to seriously commit to anything. His weakness reveals itself while he discussed the possibility of the priesthood with a senior deacon at his school. The priest idly mentions discovering priestly robes to be somewhat absurd. Just imagine, he tells Stephen, when I was in Belgium I used to see them out cycling in all kinds of weather with this thing up about their knees! It was ridiculous. LES JUPES, they call them in Belgium (Joyce, 111). The young man smiles politely but at the mention of robes, his mind begins to wander into sexual fantasy making his failure inevitable. The names of articles of dress worn by women or of certain soft and delicate stuffs used in their making brought always to his mind a delicate and sinful perfume It had shocked him, too, when he had felt for the first time beneath his tremulous fingers the brittle texture of a womans stocking for, retaining nothing of all he read save that which seemed to him an echo or a prophecy of his own state, it was only amid soft-worded phrases or within rose-soft stuffs that he dared to conceive of the soul or body of a woman moving with tender life. But the phrase on the priests lips was disingenuous for he knew that a priest should not speak lightly on that theme. The phrase had been spoken lightly with design and he felt that his face was being searched by the eyes in the shadow (Joyce 11). Even though he would have himself believe that the proper artistic response is a dispassionate stasis, most of Stephens attempts to write poetry are intimately linked with his sexual needs (Benstock 126). Stephen eventually denounces the Church, but when asked if he would convert to become a Protestant he responds by saying he did not reject a logical absurdity only to embrace an illogical absurdity. Nevertheless, his dilemma is real; that is, that he rejects the Church but cannot forget it. He goes out of his way to satirize its rituals and thereby has the Catholic faith still a living thing within him, and not to remain indifferent to it (Ryf 204). At the end of the novel we enter Stephens point of view through some of his journal entries. He writes, MARCH 21, NIGHT. Free. Soul free and fancy free. Let the dead bury the dead. Ay. And let the dead marry the dead. It appears Stephen has finally found peace. But can we trust that Stephen will remain true to his course? He then writes: MARCH 24. Began with a discussion with my mother. Subject: B. V. M. Handicapped by my sex and youth. To escape held up relations between Jesus and Papa against those-between Mary and her son. Said religion was not a lying-in hospital. Mother indulgent. Said I have a queer mind and have read too much. Not true. Have read little and understood less. Then she said I would come back to faith because I had a restless mind. This means to leave church by back door of sin and re-enter through the skylight of repentance. Cannot repent. Told her so and asked for sixpence. Got threepence (Joyce 182). If Stephen leaves the Catholic Church, he must completely break philosophically and culturally from the one constant he has known in his life. New ground will need continuous validation before any enrichment can occur. Essentially, one needs to have an amazing amount of conviction to feel complete indifference towards your original creed. Whom will he love and what will explain his existence? Can he replace a 2,000-year faith and formation tradition that he is still ambiguous about? I doubt it. However enterprising and articulate Stephen may seem, it is literally too early a period in his life as an artist to suggest that he has settled doubt with Catholicism or is realistically prepared to forge a new path about the wisdom of living anyone could follow. Work Cited 1. ) Ben, Diana A. James Joyce and His Contemporaries. Westport, Connecticut. Greenwood Press, Inc. 1989 2. ) Benstock, Bernard. Approaches to Joyces Portrait: Ten Essays. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1976 3. ) Hellwig, M. K. Understanding Catholicism. New York: Paulist Press. 1981 4. ) Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York, New York. Dover Publications, Inc. 1916, 1994 5. ) Rudy, K. Sex and the Church: Gender, Homosexuality, and the Transformation of Christian Ethics. Boston, Mass. : Beacon Press. 1997 6. ) Ryf, Robert S. A New Approach to Joyce: The Portrait of the Artist as a Guidebook. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California . 1962.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Passive Optical Networks (PON)

Passive Optical Networks (PON) With the popularity of broadband services of the terminal users the demands for bandwidth in the access network is rapidly increasing. Rapid increase of global data traffic and massive deployment of new networks are becoming a key environmental, social and economic issue. The access network consumes about 70% of overall network energy. Passive Optical Networks (PON) has been considered to be one of the most promising solutions for access networks due to its immense bandwidth and low cost infrastructure. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) provides a solution for having longer and larger capacity networks comparing with existing PON systems which can meet the ever increasing bandwidth demand of next generation ac-cess networks. Moreover, the combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-plexing (OFDM) and WDM-PON technique is a subject of great interest to increase the system capacity and dispersion tolerance. Coherent detection OFDM method has mor e prominent performance than direct detection method. For the practical implementation of WDM-OFDM-PONs, low-cost Optical Network Units (ONUs) and Optical Line Termi-nals (OLTs) are of most critical importance, in particular, avoiding a wavelength-specific laser source at each ONU. To address this issue, wavelength reuse concepts such as Trav-eling Wave Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, Wideband Traveling wave SOA and Re-flective SOA have been implemented in WDM-OFDM-PON. Among these, RSOA per-forms better than the others. To further reduce the system cost a WDM-OFDM-PON architecture with simplified structure by using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) as transmitter at OLT and ONU. All these simulations are done using OptiSys-tem 12.0 software. The combination of an exponential increase in bandwidth-intensive applications and customer base, has resulted in the rapid increase of fiber networks in the access network segment in recent years. In terms of fiber access technology, the point-to-multipoint passive topology in the form of the Passive Optical Network (PON) has been proven to be beneficial to both customers and operators. Due to rapid increase of global data traffic and bandwidth demands, massive deployment of new network, is becoming a key environmental, social and economic issue. To address this issue, great effort has been ex-pended on researching the high-speed, cost-effective, flexible bandwidth allocation and future-proof Next Generation Passive Optical Network (NG-PON) system. Among these techniques, WDM based PON systems have attracted a great deal of research and devel-opment interest, due to their capability of providing cost-effective way for increasing the overall bit rate and transmission reach of network s. The access network, also known as the first-mile network, connects the service provider Central Offices (COs) to businesses and residential subscribers. An access net-work is a part of a telecommunications network which connects subscribers to their im-mediate service providers. This network is also referred to as the subscriber access net-work, or the local loop. The bandwidth demand in the access network has been increasing rapidly over the past several years. Active Optical Network (AON), the first based access network has been characterized by a single fiber which carries all traffic to a Remote Node (RN) mainly electrically powered switching equipment such as a switch or a router that is placed close to the end users from the central office. In this AON architecture, later the active node is replaced with a passive optical power splitter/combiner leading to the development of Passive Optical Network (PON). Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique has re-cently been a promising technique in access networks due to its high spectral efficiency and robust dispersion tolerance. OFDM, is a form of signal modulation that divides a high data rate modulating stream placing them onto many slowly modulated narrow band close-spaced sub-carriers, and in this way is less sensitive to frequency selective fading. Furthermore, the OFDM is widely considered as one of the strongest candi-date for WDM-based PON system, owing to its unique advantages of superior toler-ance to chromatic dispersion impairments, dynamic provision of multi-granularity band-width allocation both in time and frequency domains. WDM-OFDM-PON, combining the advantages of WDM and OFDM techniques, can provide higher data rate and more flexible bandwidth allocation for end users. Nonetheless, OFDM modulation modules, consisting of high-speed Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chips, Digital-to-Analog Con-verter s (DAC), and E/O modulators, are needed for the generation of optical OFDM sig-nals in WDM-OFDM-PON. These components consume much more energy. Moreover, each OFDM modulation module is fixed for one Optical Network Unit (ONU) group in conventional WDM-OFDM-PON, which causes a rough granularity and wastes a large amount of bandwidth resource since the users do not fully utilize the network capacity all the time. Therefore, it is of great significance to design an energy-efficient and cost effective WDM-OFDM-PON system with high data rates compatible with large num-ber of users. This can be accomplished by using wavelength remodulation methods for bandwidth utilization and VCSELs for cost effectiveness. Objectives of the Project The main objectives of this project are: Simulation and performance analysis of Wavelength Division Multiplexing- Or-thogonal Frequency division Multiplexing- Passive Optical Network (WDM-OFDM-PON) systems for different data rates Simulation and performance analysis of Wavelength Division Multiplexing- Or-thogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -Passive Optical Network (WDM-OFDM-PON) systems using wavelength reuse by Traveling wave SOA (TWSOA) Wideband TWSOA (WBTSOA) Reflective SOA (RSOA) Simulation and performance analysis of bidirectional WDM-OFDM-PON with dif-ferent transmission length and users using VCSELs Report Outline This report contains six chapters. Chapter 1 gives an introduction about the rel-evance of the project and also convey the main objectives of the project. The second chapter describes about the theories and literature survey of the project. This chapter begins with the basic access networks and describes the various terms relevant to the project. The terms like PON, WDM, OFDM etc are included. Chapter 3 describes the system model for the design. Here explains the basic block diagram representation of the major network technologies used. Chapter 4 explains the simulation procedures, platform used for simulations and details of each section and subsystem in the simulation process. Chapter 5 deals about the results obtained after the simulations and the major inferences got from these results. Sixth chapter concludes the project with findings followed by references section.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Roberto Goizueta and Jack Welch are two of the best leaders in American

Roberto Goizueta and Jack Welch are two of the best leaders in American companies. Welch and Goizueta Leadership Assignment Introduction ============ Roberto Goizueta and Jack Welch are two of the best leaders in American companies. They have created much value and wealth for their shareholders. Goizueta was born in a wealthy family and is an aristocratic, formal gentleman who likes a nice predictable schedule. He has a deep respect of tradition. Being the chairman and chief executive of Coca-Cola, he essentially runs a one-product company. Whereas Welch was born in a poor family and grown in an environment that was full of competition. Welch is impulsive and charming. Being the chairman and chief executive of General Electric, he runs a conglomerate with a dozen businesses. He puts almost every aspect of GE management a heavy element of competition. Though there are many differences in their style of working, both of them do have good wealth-building skills and share some common characteristics to become successful leaders. In the following, an analysis of these common characteristics will be discussed. Common characteristics ====================== First of all, both of Goizueta and Welch have the vision and the ability to sort out the noise from the signal and then to drive just for essence of what’s important. Good leaders need to direct the employees to do things that will be beneficial to the companies, and discourage them from doing thin...

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Theme Reflection Essay

In the story, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, there are many themes. Two of them include racism and displacement. At a very young age, Maya met the effects of racism and segregation in America. She had been told about the differences between blacks and whites, which developed her belief that only blonde hair is beautiful and that she is a fat black girl stuck in a nightmare. However, Stamps, Arkansas, was so segregated that as a child Maya never really saw white people which made her believe that they didn’t exist. As Maya gets older, she is approached by more personal incidents of racism, such as a white dentist’s refusal to treat her. These unfair events humiliate Maya and her relatives. She learns that living in a very racist society has shaped her family members, and she tries to overcome them. Resistance to racism has many forms in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Big Bailey buys glitzy clothes and drives a fancy car to state his wealth and runs around with women to declare his masculinity in the face of degrading and reducing racism. Momma keeps her pride by seeing things realistically and keeping to herself. Daddy Clidell’s friends learn to use white peoples’ racism against them in worthwhile cons. Maya first experiments with resistance when she breaks her white employer’s heirloom china. Her bravest act of disobedience happens when she becomes the first black streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Blacks also used the church as a place of revolutionary resistance. This story also includes the theme of displacement. Maya is moved around to seven different homes between the ages of three and sixteen. As said in the poem she tries to recite on Easter, the statement â€Å"I didn’t come to stay† becomes her shield against the reality of her rootlessness. Maya is always humiliated, making her unable to put down her shield and feel comfortable staying in one place. When she is thirteen she moved to San Francisco with her mother, Bailey, and Daddy Clidell. She finally feels that she belongs somewhere for the first time. As Maya continues her journey, she realizes that thousands of other terrified black children made the same journey as she and Bailey. Traveling on their own to newly wealthy parents in northern cities, or back to southern towns when the North failed to supply the economy it had promised. African Americans descended from slaves who were displaced from their homes and homelands in Africa, and blacks continued to struggle to find their place in a country friendly to their heritage.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone”. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. The WritePass Journal

Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone†. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. Introduction Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone†. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. IntroductionBibliographyRelated Introduction Metaphysical poetry is characterized by many aspects and as one of the leading metaphysical poets, John Donne’s work employs wit, paradox, abstract images and use of conceits to create poetry that was â€Å"inspired by a philosophical conception of the universe and the role assigned to the human spirit in the great drama of existence†Ã‚   (Grier son 1921).   However, at the time, the metaphysical poets had a great many critics and they were attacked on several grounds, most notably from Dr Johnson in his Lives of the Poets (1779-81).   Johnson believed the metaphysical poets did not deserve the title of poet as their wit contained ‘a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike. Of wit, thus defined, they have more than enough’.   In order to come to a conclusion as to whether his poetry was therefore aggressive due to his tone, I will examine two of his poems; The Flea,   Holy Sonnet 14.   In a nalyzing these poems I expect to find that although on the surface Donne could be said to be aggressive, it is in fact the unexpectedness of his approach to matters such as love that has this effect.   Historically, Donne and the metaphysical poets seemed to renounce traditions of courtly love, however by resisting in following these well respected customs, Donne’s poetry has kept an originality to the experience of love.   Love, as a subject in poetry risks becoming banal and only through Donne’s wit does this age old subject stay fresh to the reader.   Upon first reading ‘The Flea’ and ‘Holy Sonnet 14’, the poems seem to have very little in common and the themes do indeed oppose one another in content as one deal with physical love and the other spiritual.  Ã‚   The poem ‘The Flea’ shows the speaker as a man who lacks morals and who has little concern for the moral stance of the young lady he wishes to bed, and instead seems wholly concerned with his own lust.   On the other hand, ‘Holy Sonnet 14’ seems to reflect more of Donne’s spirituality as a minister of the Anglican church, the speaker is shown to be righteous in his beliefs and concerned with how he can do his utmost to please God.   Wit, of course, is very apparent in ‘The Flea’, however does this make it more aggressive than ‘Holy Sonnet 14’? His Maker is more powerfully present to the imagination in his divine poems than any mistress is in his love poems (Gardner, 1978, Pg-2) is a statement made by writer Helen Gardner.   However, I believe that Donne’s use of wit as well as complex conceits are used to complicate the subject matter in both poems in order to draw questions from the readers.   Many different levels of meaning are at play in these poems and the rhyme scheme varies from iambic tetrameter and pentameter to the Petrarchan sonnet form.  In doing so, Donne presents his mistress in the poem ‘The Flea’ just ‘as powerfully present’ as God in ‘Holy Sonnet 14’.  As he shows physical love through spiritual expression in ‘The Flea’ and divine love through sexual expression on ‘Holy Sonnet 14’, Donne excellent shows how wit is used to throw doubt at the reader who simply sees everything in black and white. Wit could be said to be, a sense of the fantastic and originality of thought.   This seems to perfectly define the love poem The Flea, whose humor is used to explore the notions of sex before marriage in an argument that, if it did not woo the addressee to give up on her sacred ideals may well have amused her and caused her to question the reasons behind them.   The flea itself in the poem represents and symbolizes physical love and pleasure and the opening lines leave no doubt that this is the case. Mark but this flea, and mark in this / How little that which thou densest me is / Me it sucks first, and now sucks thee / And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be (The Flea, L-1-4).   The simplistic language engages the reader with clarity and wit in its subtle allusions to sex and pleasure that truly show the intentions of the speaker.   Arguing with his love, he expresses that the act of love is as safe as being bit by a flea, as †¦[it] cannot be said / A sin, nor shame , nor loss of maidenhead (The Flea, L-5-6).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donne’s abstract idea that the mixing of his and his mistresss blood in the flea is no different to having sex without physical contact, engages the reader in a dialogue which makes interested in the outcome for the lustful young speaker.   Does this relentless wit and persistence with his mistress show aggression?   I believe not.   Although aggressive in his lust, Donne’s neat and concise approach to the subject saves it from being aggressive to the reader, something feminists would surely disagree with. The very idea that the flea represents their marriage and that the speaker wishes to stop his mistress from killing it because of this, adds softness to its tone. â€Å"Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare / Where we almost, nay more than married are / This flea is you and I, and this / Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is / Though parents grudge, and you, ware met / And cloistered in these living walls of jet (The Flea, L-10-15).   Although a certain level of arrogance is shown by the speaker in his approach to women, I feel this much more refreshing through its humour compared to the traditional courtly love poems where the women were seen to objects to own.   However, in saying this, the speaker does not seem to respect his mistress’s choice and Helen Gardner argues in Donnes love poems the love poet [creates] an image of himself in love†¦ but does not wish to deny himself any pleasure.  Although this view seems to be taken by many, David Novarr seems to d efend the poem stating; †¦[it] [seems] [the] [speaker] has somehow compromised the integrity of hisbelief [in] love†¦[however] it is frequently the committed man who dares to explore and exploit alternatives that in no way [undercut]   [his] integrity if he chooses to be witty about a subject that matters to him (The Disinterred Muse, Pg-24-25).   In exploring these alternatives, Donne does indeed employ an originality of thought that seems to characterize not just metaphysical poets but Renaissance man. Continuing in his pushy and arrogant nature to persuade his mistress, the speaker uses power and drive.  However, this is not just forceful, but also shows a persuasive argument and tells his mistress that Though use make you apt to kill me / Let not to that, self murder added be / And sacrilege, three sins in killing three (The Flea, L-16-18).   Ending his argument, the young lady does kill the flea and in this shows her commitment in her decision to stay chaste. This is illustrated  beautifully when the speaker queries his mistress’s actions, asking â€Å"Cruel and sudden, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence? / Wherein could this flea guilty be, / Except in that drop which it sucked from thee? / Yet thou triumphst, and sayst that thou / Findst not thy self, nor me the weaker now (The Flea, L-19-24).   By killing the flea the mistress reinforces her quest for virtuousness at any cost.  This is when the speaker backtracks on his argument and co mpares his mistress losing her virginity to the inconsequential death of the flea.   Ending the poem, the speaker states Tis true, then learn how false, fears be; / Just so much honor, when thou yieldst to me / Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee (The Flea, L-25-27).The humour with which Donne approaches this subject is what releases it from holding any aggression.   The whimsical way in which the speaker admits his own satisfaction is his sole concern creates the source of the poems humour. Donne’s attitude to love changes from carnal to humble and spiritual in Holy Sonnet 14, however if wit is defined as originality of thought then the serious tone set in this poem certainly lacks any aggression in its relentlessness.   Confliction in soul and nature of man is shown through a speaker who lacks concern in pleasing himself and only concern in pleasing God. In the opening passage of the sonnet, the speaker offers God all power, control and authority, asking, â€Å"Batter my heart, three persond God; for you / As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend; / That I may rise, and stand, oerthrow me, and bend / Your force, to break, blow, burn and make me new (Holy Sonnet 14, L-1-4).   The speaker wishes to be made ‘new’, suggesting that they have possessed a lack of control over themselves and now wish to offer God that control to save them from sin.   In offering God their body and soul, the speaker appears desperate to be made pure again and seem to see themselves as helpless, as if they know they that they can only God can save through wrath and violence. â€Å"I,like an usurped town, to another due, / Labour to admit you, but oh, to no end, / Reason your viceroy in me, me should defend, / But is captivd, and proves weak or untrue, / Yet dearly do I love you, and would be lovd fain, / But am betrothd unto your e nemy (Holy Sonnet 14, L-5-10).   This is in complete contrast to the fanciful nature of ‘The Flea’, where Donne’s wordplay humours the reader. Here, a different side of Donne’s wit is seen through his use of dramatic metaphor in which he ponders mans ability to save himself. â€Å"Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again, / Take me to you, imprison me, for I / Except you enthral me, never shall be free, / Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me (Holy Sonnet 14. L-11-14).  Here, the speaker is using forceful verbs and paradoxes, symbolising God as all powerful and all knowing, giving him total influence over the speaker. Using paradox, in the final passage Donne gives God sage, the speaker uses paradoxes to give God importance and shows that the only way the speaker believes that he will ultimately be free of sin, and pure is when God takes complete control and rapes him. This poem seems to express purity in its divine love for God, suggesting that this spiritual bond with God is more pure than any love experienced between man and woman. In being concerned with ‘thought’ itself, Donne asks questions about life, love and his purpose in the universe.   Donne places himself and his love at the centre of the universe which is surely showing wittiness that is not aggressive, but that each person who has been in love has believed themselves. There is a distinct contrast between how submissive Donne’s speaker in ‘Holy Sonnet 14’ is to God, compared with how dominant the speaker in ‘The Flea’ tries to be over his mistress.   It is easy to dismiss the wit and humour in ‘The Flea’ as being puerile and selfish however in this, the reader sees the true nature of the speaker in all his multi-faceted attempts in trying to seduce his mistress. In the same way, Donne has stripped bare the speaker in †˜Holy Sonnet 14’, allowing the reader to see his need for God to save him through his language.   If this unremitting wit is seen as aggressive, I believe the reader is missing the point of Donne’s wit.   It is unashamed and refuses to be diluted to suit the needs of the reader, instead Donne has stayed to true to his artistic and poetic beliefs. Bibliography Alvarez, A.   The School of Donne. New York: Pantheon Books, 1961. Gardner, Helen.   The Divine Poems London: Oxford University Press, 1978. Grierson, Herbert J.C., ed. Metaphysical Lyrics Poems of the 17th Oxford, The Clarendon press, 1921 Novarr, David.   The Disinterred Muse. London: Cornell University Press, 1980.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Nitrogen (N2)â€Its Discovery, Danger and Uses

Nitrogen (N2)- Its Discovery, Danger and Uses Nitrogen is the primary gas in the atmosphere. It makes up 78.084 percent by volume in dry air, and that makes it the most common gas in the atmosphere. Its atomic symbol is N and its atomic number is 7.   The Discovery of Nitrogen   Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772. He was a Scottish chemist and a physician with a passion for understanding gases, and he owed his discovery to a mouse. When Rutherford placed the mouse in a sealed, enclosed space, the mouse naturally died when its air ran low. He then attempted to burn a candle in the space. The flame didnt fare well either. He tried phosphorous next with much the same result.   He then forced the remaining air through a solution that absorbed the carbon dioxide that remained in it. Now he had air that was devoid of both oxygen and carbon dioxide. What remained was nitrogen, which Rutherford initially called noxious or phlogisticated air. He determined that this remaining gas was expelled by the mouse before it died.   Nitrogen in Nature   Nitrogen is a part of all plant and animal proteins. The nitrogen cycle is a pathway in nature that transforms nitrogen into usable forms. Although much of the fixation of nitrogen occurs biologically, such as with Rutherfords mouse, nitrogen can be fixed by lightning as well. Its colorless, odorless and tasteless.   Everyday Uses for Nitrogen You may regularly consume traces of nitrogen because its often used to preserve foods, particularly those that are prepacked for sale or sold in bulk. It delays oxidative damage- rotting and spoiling- by itself or  when combined with carbon dioxide. Its also used to maintain pressure in beer kegs.   Nitrogen powers paintball guns. It has a place in making dyes and explosives.   In the health care field, its widely used in pharmacology and is commonly found in antibiotics. Its used in X-ray machines and as an anesthetic in the form of nitrous oxide. Nitrogen is used to preserve blood, sperm and egg samples.   Nitrogen as a Greenhouse Gas Compounds of nitrogen, and particularly nitrogen oxides NOx, are considered greenhouse gases. Nitrogen is used as a fertilizer in soils, as an ingredient in industrial processes, and is released during the burning of fossil fuels.   Nitrogens Role in Pollution   Sharp rises in the number of nitrogen compounds measured in the air began surfacing during the Industrial Revolution. Nitrogen compounds are a primary component in the formation of ground-level ozone. In addition to causing respiratory problems, nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere contribute to the formation of acid rain. Nutrient pollution, a major environmental problem in the 21st century, results from excess nitrogen and phosphorous accumulated in water and air. Together, they promote underwater plant growth and algae growth, and they can destroy water habitats and upset ecosystems when theyre allowed to proliferate unchecked. When these nitrates find their way into drinking water- and this sometimes occurs- it presents health dangers, particularly for infants and the elderly.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Free Essays on Mental Disorder

Schizophrenia is a disorder that can effect anyone. It is the greatest disorder that effects teenagers. When someone is effected by the disorder it is not just that one person that has to learn to deal with it, the families of the patients must also learn to deal with it. There are many possible causes for the disorder with many doctors believing that there is more than one cause. What has been thought as the main cause for many years is a chemical imbalance in the brain. This could be an imbalance in the number of neurotransmitters and/or an imbalance in the amount of dopamine. Stress is not thought of as directly causing Schizophrenia, but often makes already present symptoms worse. Some doctors feel that Schizophrenia might be the result of a slow acting virus since the symptoms can be delayed many years after the first infection. Another possible cause for the disorder is a genetic disposition. This has yet to be proven but it is thought of as a likely cause s! ince children who have a parent with the disorder have a ten times greater chance of developing the illness than children who have abnormal parents. If both parents have the disorder the chance of their off spring having the disorder jumps to forty times that of of an off spring with normal parents. Some times as equally as important as finding what causes a disease is finding what does not cause a disease. It is said that Schizophrenia is: not caused by a domineering mother and/or a passive father, not caused by childhood experiences, poverty, or not caused by the feeling of guilt or failure. People who have schizophrenia can be divided up into three equal groups: those who only have one episode in their entire life, those who have continual episodes but live normal lives between them, and a third group who have never ending symptoms. The symptoms that define an episode of schizophrenia can generally be described as deterioration from a previous level of functioning. The ... Free Essays on Mental Disorder Free Essays on Mental Disorder Schizophrenia is a disorder that can effect anyone. It is the greatest disorder that effects teenagers. When someone is effected by the disorder it is not just that one person that has to learn to deal with it, the families of the patients must also learn to deal with it. There are many possible causes for the disorder with many doctors believing that there is more than one cause. What has been thought as the main cause for many years is a chemical imbalance in the brain. This could be an imbalance in the number of neurotransmitters and/or an imbalance in the amount of dopamine. Stress is not thought of as directly causing Schizophrenia, but often makes already present symptoms worse. Some doctors feel that Schizophrenia might be the result of a slow acting virus since the symptoms can be delayed many years after the first infection. Another possible cause for the disorder is a genetic disposition. This has yet to be proven but it is thought of as a likely cause s! ince children who have a parent with the disorder have a ten times greater chance of developing the illness than children who have abnormal parents. If both parents have the disorder the chance of their off spring having the disorder jumps to forty times that of of an off spring with normal parents. Some times as equally as important as finding what causes a disease is finding what does not cause a disease. It is said that Schizophrenia is: not caused by a domineering mother and/or a passive father, not caused by childhood experiences, poverty, or not caused by the feeling of guilt or failure. People who have schizophrenia can be divided up into three equal groups: those who only have one episode in their entire life, those who have continual episodes but live normal lives between them, and a third group who have never ending symptoms. The symptoms that define an episode of schizophrenia can generally be described as deterioration from a previous level of functioning. The ...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Penetrating and Blunt Abdominal Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Penetrating and Blunt Abdominal Trauma - Essay Example The author discussed, in detail, the various medical interventions done on the patients and their possible complications that arose during the duration of their hospitalization. As for the health assessment procedure rationales mentioned in this journal, Eckert discussed a flow of the procedures. Observation as to the patient's appearance upon encounter is to be done first. Presence and location of wounds as well as the depth and entrance and exits sites for penetrating wounds should be noted. Next, the author noted that auscultation is to be done prior to palpation as to prevent alteration of bowel sounds due to manipulation (p.53). Presence or absence of bowel sounds should be done comprehensively, covering all 4 quadrants. Nurses should check the quality, frequency and any abnormality in the bowel sounds. Auscultation over major blood vessels not only in the abdominal area but also in near regions that may be affected such as the femoral vessels should be checked. Palpation will e licit the presence of abdominal tenderness, rebound tenderness, guarding, texture of abdomen and any irregularities. Several organ injury scales were discussed by Eckert. Among the scales mentioned that were being used in the nursing practice were the 6-level Liver Injury Scale, the 5-level Splenic Injury Scale, 5-level Kidney Injury Scale, and 5-level Pancreatic Injury Scale. The Penetrating and Blunt 3 population discussed in this journal is the patients with abdominal trauma. Most, if not all of the cases in this journal were emergency or acute cases. I think that among the strengths of this journal is the comprehensiveness and practicality of this journal to nursing practice. Its use of case studies gives the reader a picture of what is to be encountered in the emergency rooms or intensive care units in the hospital setting. It was very thorough in explaining the different procedures done on the patient and each of its rationale. The journal introduces to the reader some information on the anatomy and physiology of some of the vital abdominal organs which are commonly affected in abdominal trauma. This is most helpful to nursing students who are still beginners in the field for them to have an idea of the interplay between these organs. This journal also gives information on the ancillary procedures usually done on the patients, highlighting the most pertinent or practical for each case or organ. For example, the author stated that the CT scan is the most sensitive diagnostic tool for most abdominal trauma injuries and between th e FAST scan and the diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), the FAST scan is more utilized in most emergency cases because it is non-invasive and inexpensive compared to DPL. Also to be commended is the use of some visuals such as pictures of the different interventions. It also made use of some flow charts or concepts maps in nursing assessment in specific situations and included the indications for surgery and admittance to the ICU. This article was able to capture my interest because it is easy to understand and very thorough in explaining the various assessments, procedures and treatments involved in patients with

Friday, October 18, 2019

Economics 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Economics 4 - Essay Example The context of this study is to address the following issues: The country identified for possible expansion of Country A in Asia is South Korea because this country has established relations with the United States, the home country of County A. South Korea also imports machinery and equipment from the United States and exports motor vehicles to the same country. As such, it is assumed that there will be a need for the product of Country A by Korean manufacturers. Company A should take cognizance of the cultural issues in South Korea in designing its marketing strategy of doing business in Korea. According to World business culture.com, it is very important to keep in mind that the quality of developed relations is the key to the success in dealing business in South Korea and it is developed by knowing the following cultural issues: South Koreans observe hierarchical business structure that recognizes major decisions coming from the top and transmitted down for implementation. Company A will find that much of the companies in South Korea are family-run companies wherein much of the power and ownership is with the founder’s family. Aside from the formal hierarchy, Koreans also gives importance to informal hierarchy based on personal and loyalty relations. Thus, Company A should know somebody or need a referral to establish business conncectons. Korean approach of management is holistic such that they take care of the well-being of their employees including their personal life. Initial meetings with Koreans should be polite and intended only for relation building, and most of all, do not show impatience during meetings. Koreans are particular about respect so that the delegation should be balanced, a senior officer should also meet a senior officer. (Worldbusiness.com) Company A’s vision is to double its size within the next four years. The marketing strategy identified to support this vision is to expand business in Asia. Tactics in doing

Ip4 managing high performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ip4 managing high performance - Research Paper Example For instance, the human resource manager would solely focus on day-to-day welfare of employees. In spite of the fact that this strategy will compromise on the morale of employees, there are many ways of tackling this challenge. In the new arrangement, the human resource manager should solely focus on the welfare of employees by linking with department representatives (Burton & Obel, 2004). The choice of managers should follow a meritocratic process that prioritizes on current managers with longer experiences. In addition, the selection process should focus on managers who have come up with milestone ideas in the past. The organization should minimize conflicts by creating a structure whereby the lower-level managers can constantly interact with the upper-level managers. The managers should assure the employees that the levels of management separate on the basis of different responsibilities rather on the basis on prestige (Lumpe, 2008). In the end, this strategy will cover up for the costs of having a new administrative structure. This is because managers will possess distinct duties that they focus on the

Realisms Depiction of International Relations Essay

Realisms Depiction of International Relations - Essay Example Therefore, in entering any agreement with any country, a state is always aware of the likelihood of cheating and the potential comparative gain that might result from the arrangement (Simpson 2001). Due this fear, courtiers must act to safeguard their interest so that in case of partners’ noncompliance with the bilateral or multilateral agreement, the state is not exposed to economic or security risks (Grieco 1999). Such a move should not translate into limiting cooperation with other states, but as a measure that will protect the country from exploitation by its partners. Realism has also developed to accommodate new trends that characterize international relations. Economic globalization has made it a must for cooperation as opposed to isolation of country from outside influence. Industrialized countries have been able to reap a lot of benefit due to this improved cooperation with other states (Jackson & Sorensen 2007). Such cooperation has become apparent especially with co untries like USA, which traditional follows the realist ideology to increase its interaction with others for greater influence and economic gains. Although globalization has made cooperation among countries inevitable, different countries do not trade on the same platform. Some countries benefit more than the other does in any international agreement. Since every country is serving its interest in the agreement, some countries are bound to gain more than the others do, as is mostly the case when developed countries trade with third world countries. Developed countries use their superior economic and technological power to get cheap raw material from developing countries and then sale the processed... This essay stresses that international organization presented by liberal institutionalism cannot stop countries from acting according to the balance of power system, calculating how each of their moves affects their relative position in the in global arena where stiff completion is the order of the day. Realists argue that international institutions cannot provide a muscular and timely response to aggression by power hungry states. A good example of this is the Syrian case where the government has taken part in the bombing of civilian habitats killing many yet the international institutions could not move in to stop the killing. Another key example of failure for liberal institutionalism to depict international relations is the failure of international institutions to act on the threat that North Korea’s accumulation of nuclear energy post to international security. Therefore, countries protect their interests by trusting in their own power and not on an international authorit y This paper makes a conlusion that international relations are guided by the need of states to get the best out of its interactions with other states. To achieve this, states will seek to protect their economic interests and further their influence in the international politics. The failure of international institutions to be tough on aggressive states has increased the need for countries to act in their best interest due to the stiff competition in international politics and economy. Only the established balance of power can dictate how far a state can advance its interests.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Economic Geography - Essay Example The second map depicts the results of the analysis of the number of immigrants in every state in America, by 2009. An analysis of survey by the census bureau shows that Newark, NY, is among the most populous urban areas in the United States. The state has over twenty million residents and one of the states that have the highest number of foreign people. The high population and immigration in New York result from the diverse economic activities in the state. Newark, NY, has a vast diversity including Canadians, West Europeans, Latin Americans, Russians, Africans and other foreign members. Different counties in New York have high number of foreign-borns. Fulton County has one thousand foreign-borns, for instance (U. S census Bureau 1). The two maps have close relationships since high immigration is a cause of high population in New York. High immigration also emanates from the influence of other pull factors as employment, New York being among the most industrialized states in the

Western architecture before 1100 AD Research Paper

Western architecture before 1100 AD - Research Paper Example It is given that there are compelling reasons which inform my choice of the Bent Pyramid. One of the qualities that make the pyramid strikingly unique is the pyramid’s very structure. Unlike other pyramids, the structure of the Bent Pyramid is divided into portions. The lower part of the Bent Pyramid is raised from the surrounding desert or physical landscape at an inclination of 45 degrees. However, the upper part of the Bent Pyramid has a shallower angle. The shallower angle is 43 degrees and thereby lending the pyramid a palpably bent appearance. As if the immediately foregoing is not enough, it is strikingly important that the Bent Pyramid has two entrances. Both of the two entrances lead to chambers with high and corbelled ceilings. One of the entrances has a low down on its northern side. This side has a substantial wooden staircase which had been built for the sake of tourists. Specifically, the northern entrance give way to a chamber that is situated below ground level. Needless to say, presently, the Bent Pyramid is not accessible for tourists. Facing the west side of the pyramid is the second entrance which is located higher above the ground, than the first entrance. The second entrance (the western one) leads to a chamber which is in the body of the very pyramid. According to Broughton (1998, p. 469), the corbelled ceiling which is to the left is also to be visible from the first chamber. This corbelling is to be rougher, to ward off the danger of termites or rot. When one turns around by 180 degrees, he is able to take the first peek into the lower chamber. Again, the corbelled ceiling is to be covered with modern scaffolding. There is to be a ladder, nearly 50 foot long leading up to a connecting passageway which is between the passageways and chambers that are accessible from the western entrance, one the one hand, and the set of chambers, on the other. As if the positive and aesthetic attributes of the Bent Pyramids are not

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Realisms Depiction of International Relations Essay

Realisms Depiction of International Relations - Essay Example Therefore, in entering any agreement with any country, a state is always aware of the likelihood of cheating and the potential comparative gain that might result from the arrangement (Simpson 2001). Due this fear, courtiers must act to safeguard their interest so that in case of partners’ noncompliance with the bilateral or multilateral agreement, the state is not exposed to economic or security risks (Grieco 1999). Such a move should not translate into limiting cooperation with other states, but as a measure that will protect the country from exploitation by its partners. Realism has also developed to accommodate new trends that characterize international relations. Economic globalization has made it a must for cooperation as opposed to isolation of country from outside influence. Industrialized countries have been able to reap a lot of benefit due to this improved cooperation with other states (Jackson & Sorensen 2007). Such cooperation has become apparent especially with co untries like USA, which traditional follows the realist ideology to increase its interaction with others for greater influence and economic gains. Although globalization has made cooperation among countries inevitable, different countries do not trade on the same platform. Some countries benefit more than the other does in any international agreement. Since every country is serving its interest in the agreement, some countries are bound to gain more than the others do, as is mostly the case when developed countries trade with third world countries. Developed countries use their superior economic and technological power to get cheap raw material from developing countries and then sale the processed... This essay stresses that international organization presented by liberal institutionalism cannot stop countries from acting according to the balance of power system, calculating how each of their moves affects their relative position in the in global arena where stiff completion is the order of the day. Realists argue that international institutions cannot provide a muscular and timely response to aggression by power hungry states. A good example of this is the Syrian case where the government has taken part in the bombing of civilian habitats killing many yet the international institutions could not move in to stop the killing. Another key example of failure for liberal institutionalism to depict international relations is the failure of international institutions to act on the threat that North Korea’s accumulation of nuclear energy post to international security. Therefore, countries protect their interests by trusting in their own power and not on an international authorit y This paper makes a conlusion that international relations are guided by the need of states to get the best out of its interactions with other states. To achieve this, states will seek to protect their economic interests and further their influence in the international politics. The failure of international institutions to be tough on aggressive states has increased the need for countries to act in their best interest due to the stiff competition in international politics and economy. Only the established balance of power can dictate how far a state can advance its interests.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Western architecture before 1100 AD Research Paper

Western architecture before 1100 AD - Research Paper Example It is given that there are compelling reasons which inform my choice of the Bent Pyramid. One of the qualities that make the pyramid strikingly unique is the pyramid’s very structure. Unlike other pyramids, the structure of the Bent Pyramid is divided into portions. The lower part of the Bent Pyramid is raised from the surrounding desert or physical landscape at an inclination of 45 degrees. However, the upper part of the Bent Pyramid has a shallower angle. The shallower angle is 43 degrees and thereby lending the pyramid a palpably bent appearance. As if the immediately foregoing is not enough, it is strikingly important that the Bent Pyramid has two entrances. Both of the two entrances lead to chambers with high and corbelled ceilings. One of the entrances has a low down on its northern side. This side has a substantial wooden staircase which had been built for the sake of tourists. Specifically, the northern entrance give way to a chamber that is situated below ground level. Needless to say, presently, the Bent Pyramid is not accessible for tourists. Facing the west side of the pyramid is the second entrance which is located higher above the ground, than the first entrance. The second entrance (the western one) leads to a chamber which is in the body of the very pyramid. According to Broughton (1998, p. 469), the corbelled ceiling which is to the left is also to be visible from the first chamber. This corbelling is to be rougher, to ward off the danger of termites or rot. When one turns around by 180 degrees, he is able to take the first peek into the lower chamber. Again, the corbelled ceiling is to be covered with modern scaffolding. There is to be a ladder, nearly 50 foot long leading up to a connecting passageway which is between the passageways and chambers that are accessible from the western entrance, one the one hand, and the set of chambers, on the other. As if the positive and aesthetic attributes of the Bent Pyramids are not

Significant Business Risk Factors Essay Example for Free

Significant Business Risk Factors Essay 1. Limited Shelf Life Empirical evidence suggests that retailers must adapt to new product style trends in order to satisfy consumers and other key stakeholders (Ryan, 2011). In respect to Harvey Norman (HVN), failure to adapt will entail lower consumer demand, hindering growth and profitability. It is important to note a limited shelf life of HVN’s products exists due to changing trends. This in turn gives rise to the risk of inventory becoming obsolete and rising excess stock in the warehouse. Therefore, HVN should further emphasise on its inventory management, in order to minimise inventory build up and overall expenses in the entity. 2. Increased Competition from online shopping Studies reveal that Australian consumers have embraced online shopping, recording a 23% growth in 2012 (Irvine, 2013). In order to combat the fierce competition in the online market, HVN introduced its ‘Omni-strategy,’ which focused on the enhancement of its digital store. There is evidence of success from this strategy with the firm recently named as ‘The Best Multichannel Retailer’ in the ORIA 2013 awards (Chanthadavong, 2013). Despite this acclaim, it is of paramount importance that HVN considers enhancing its distribution channels, especially its digital store through better pricing on delivery times for online purchasesand a greater focus on personalised services for internet empowered consumers. This will sustain consumer expectations and ensure the firm captures a greater portion of its target market (Chanthadavong, 2013). 3. Threat from domestic competitors Despite being one of Australia’s retail giants, HVN in recent times has been battling it out in the domestic market due to growing competition. In 2012, HVN was labelled as the most expensive Australian electronic giant recording a severe slump in its pricing position in comparison to its counterparts such as Dick Smith Electronics and JB HI-FI (Jager, 2013). The underlying reason for the slump was predominantly due to the high costs from GST and compliance laws (Morley, 2013). Additionally, three of HVN’s recently acquired subsidiaries failed during the 2011/2012 financial years. This  proved to be a costly investment for the firm reduced its competitive position in the furniture and electrical goods industry (Coyne, 2013). Furthermore, the entity’s poor pricing position detrimentally impacted the electronics giant’s sales (-4.9%) and profitability (-2.38%) (Harvey Norman, 2012). This suggests that HVN may have inventory build-up, excessive discounting and price deflation due to staggering consumer demand. 4. Stagnating growth in the global retail industry Stagnating growth in the global retail industry has resulted in lower consumer demand and expenditure. A study from IBIS reveals that Australian appliance retailing has fallen by nearly two percent (IBISworld, 2013). Additionally, declining consumer demand has influenced a fall in the Australian dollar (AUD), which has negatively impacted sales in HVN Australian and international stores such as New Zealand and Ireland (Harvey Norman, 2012). HVN’s 2012 Annual Report reinforces that the negative growth has inhibited a reduction of HVN’s profitability, revenue and thus increasing the risk of obsolescence of inventory. 5. Natural Disasters affecting Harvey Norman Stores Recent natural disasters have damaged many HVN Australian and New Zealand stores. For instance, a fire in the storage area of Harvey Norman in Porirua New Zealand heavily damaged a HVN store earlier in June 2013 (New Zealand Herald, 2013). This has had detrimental impacts on HVN’s sales revenue in its New Zealand market (Harvey Norman, 2012 p. 10). It is important to note that these disasters increase time wastage spent on rebuilding stores and increases the risk of overstatement of assets, as they may not have been properly removed off premises. 6. Misleading advertising It is of paramount importance that a company doesn’t engage in false and deceptive marketing; especially if the products fail to exist in the warehouse. HVN was recently fined through infringement notices worth $6,600 for advertising stock they did not hold in a bid to mislead customers. According to the ACCC, this act breached the Trade Practices Act in promoting material. Moreover, this has had financial and non-financial impacts for the company, specifically affecting future sales and brand image  on reliability of the company’s stance to deliver with full efficiency. This is also known as operational and compliance risk. 7. Threat of the geographical location of franchises According to the entity’s 2012 annual report, franchising is deemed to be HVN’s predominant source of its revenue. Whilst, HVN has franchise locations globally, its New Zealand stores attract the highest level of sales revenue (Harvey Norman, 2012). Growth in sales have peaked in stores located around the mining districts such as Western Australia, Hunter Valley, but have dropped in performance in the capital cities such Sydney and Melbourne. A financial risk of going on concern can be indicated from here as the need of consumers shift and with competition HVN may not be selling and trading as much in the cities leading to inventory overload and incremented liabilities affecting overall business performance. 8. Currency Fluctuations During the 2012 financial year, the AUD fluctuated a significant amount against the most popular currency for trade (USD) by about $0.9544 to $1.1055 (RBA 2012). A fluctuation of $0.1511combined with trades amounting in millions would potentially lead to a large discrepancy to HVN’s Accounts receivable and payable accounts. Additionally, a lower AUD reflects that HVN would have to increase the retail prices in order to achieve the same profit margin (Campbell Phillips 2013). Empirical evidence reveals that if the dollar drops to around $0.80AUD compared to the USD, Australian consumers can expect an increase in prices of about 25% (Campbell Phillips 2013). This increase can be counteracted through hedging of the currencies, however volatility of the commodity market could potentially reduce HVN’s sales. Specifically, if sales decreases the risk of inventory obsolesces and write downs through idol stock increases.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Vodafone Strategy Analysis

Vodafone Strategy Analysis Jump to: Vodafone Business Strategy | Internal and External Analysis | Strategy Evaluation | Strategy Implementation | Conclusion 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report presents an in-depth business; strategic analysis of Vodafone Group Plc. The report provides a comprehensive insight into the company, including strategy formulation, strategy planning, strategy evaluation and selection as well as strategy implementation. This will involve in investigating the organizations external environment, to identify Opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capacity, capabilities to isolate key strengths and weakness as well as indentify the significant of significant of the stakeholder analysis and environment and organizational audit OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY A Multi-National Company named Vodafone is one the leading companies in Telecommunication Industry. Vodafone PLC Vodafone is a leading global player in mobile telecommunications. It operates in over 26 countries worldwide. Vodafone has grown rapidly since it was originally formed in 1984. It has responsibilities to its 60,000 staff and 151 million customers and shareholders. Vodafone offers a wide range Products/Services, such as Voice Services Social Products Messaging Services Vodafone live Vodafone live! With 3G USB modems Vodafone Mobile Connect Data Cards Roaming Services Other Business Services Vodafone was formed in 1984 as a subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc. Then known as Racal Telecom Limited, approximately 20% of the companys capital was offered to the public in October 1988. Task 01: Strategy Formulation 1.1 Business Strategy Johnson and Scholars defined business Strategy as follows Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations. Business strategy is the foundation and core competition of successful business. But there are different types of business strategy. The best business strategies must steer a course between the inevitable internal pressure for business continuity and the demands of a rapidly changing world 1.1.1 Vodafones Business Strategy Vodafones current business strategy is to grow through geographic expansion, acquisition of new customers, retention of existing customers and increasing usage through innovations in technology.This is proving a very successful strategy, as is evident from Vodafones UK success. Vodafone opened the UKs first cellular network on 1 January 1985. It has been the market leader since 1986; its UK networks carry over 100 million calls each week. Vodafone currently has the largest share of the UK cellular market. Vodafone business strategy and their sustainability strategy are inseparable. Meeting societys needs creates enormous opportunities to grow business. Vodafone aim to identify and focus on the areas where their interventions can address sustainability challenges most effectively at the same time as offering an attractive commercial return for their shareholders. Expanding Vodafone business strategy in emerging markets such as Africa and India is extending access to communications and the social and economic benefits this brings. Vodafone can also make an import ant contribution to development and to environmental sustainability by enabling a low-carbon society through bespoke products and services that meet specific needs in local markets. 1.2 Stake Holder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis is the technique used to identify the key people who have to be won over. On other words it analyse key stakeholders, an assessment of their interests and the ways in which these interests affect the project and its viability. 1.2.1 Videophone s Stake Holders are as follows 1.2.2 Significant of Stakeholder Holder Analysis The extent to which stakeholders affect the activities of an organisation depends on the relationship between the stakeholder and the organisation. Mendelows matrix provides a way of mapping stakeholders based on the power to affect the organization and their interest in doing so. It identifies the responses which management needs to make to the stakeholders in the different quadrants. Stakeholder Holder Analysis is very important to any organization. Significant of Stakeholder Holder Analysis of Vodafone PLC. Vodafone PLC can use the opinions of the most powerful stakeholders to shape companies projects at an early stage. Not only does this make it more likely that they will support to organization, their input can also improve the quality of Vodafone future. Gaining support from powerful stakeholders can help Vodafone PLC to win more resources. This makes it more likely that your projects will be successful. By communicating with stakeholders early and often, company can ensure that they know what company is doing and fully understand the benefits of companys project .this means they can support companies actively when necessary. Vodafone PLC can anticipate what peoples reaction to companies future project may be, and build into companies plan the actions that will win peoples support Draws out the interests of stakeholders in relation to the problems which the Vodafones future plans which seeking to address. Vodafone cans identifies conflicts of interest and potential conflict Helps provide an overall picture Helps identify relationships between different stakeholders helps possible coalition. 1.3 Environment and Organizational Audit 1.3.1 Environmental Audits Environmental audits are intended to quantify environmental performance and environmental position. In this way they perform an analogous (similar) function to financial audits. An environmental audit report ideally contains a statement of environmental performance and environmental position, and may also aim to define what needs to be done to sustain or improve on indicators of such performance and position. 1.3.1.1 Environment Audit of Vodafone Vodafone s an environmental audit report ideally contains a statement of environmental performance and environmental position, and may also aim to define what needs to be done to sustain or improve on indicators of such performance and position. It includes Environment Policy Vodafone. Such as Improving energy efficiency Reducing waste Increasing reuse and recycling Environmental audit report includes how Vodafone plc committed to reducing the energy and natural resources they use, and the amount of waste they create. As well as a clear moral obligation, there is a sound business case for good environmental management. It can help them to reduce costs and meet the expectations of our customers and employees. Many of their larger customers now include environmental performance as criteria in their procurement process Energy and waste reduction targets are included in the personal development plans for relevant employees. Vodafones standards encourage suppliers to improve their environmental performance. 1.3.2 An Organizational Audit An Organizational Audit is a procedure for examining the practices, procedures, programs, and policies of an Organization. The growing challenge of Organization Design is learning how to adjust strategies and internal operations to the rapidly changing business environment.Through The Organizational Audi program it help Vodafone PLC to change the very nature of how it operates by aligning internal structures, processes, and systems to strategy, while adjusting to the demands of the external environment The length of The Organizational Audit is based on the size and complexity of the organization. It can be completed in a single intervention or spaced over a period of several weeks or months. The Organizational Audi format will be tailored to fit the needs of the organization. 1.4 Strategic Positioning Techniques Strategic positioning is the positioning of an organization (unit) in the future, while taking into account the changing environment, plus the systematic realization of that positioning. The strategic positioning of Vodafone PLC includes the devising of the desired future position of the organization on the basis of present and foreseeable developments, and the making of plans to realize that positioning. The strategic positioning method is derived from the business world. The method is aimed at ensuring the continuity of the organization. The strategy determines the contents and the character of the organizations activities. Terms, such as survival, legitimacy, market positioning, relationship with environment and choice for a certain work area, come up in this context. When developing strategic positioning for Vodafone PLC we have to raise Various questions As follows: How does the Vodafone PLC future look like? How could the Vodafone PLC be roughly positioned in the future? How are things in the Vodafone PLC at present? How can opportunities be seized and how can threats be met? How can this be put into practice in a systematic way? Task 02: Strategic Planning 2.1 Strategic Planning Strategic planning is an organizations process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ), PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological), STEER analysis (Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors), and EPISTEL (Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal) .Therefore before preparing strategic plan we have to understand external and internal factors affecting the Vodafone PLC as follows. 2.1.1 PEST Analysis for Vodafone (P)OLITICAL: Political factors involved the tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariff, and political stability. Due to the customer relationships that the company value most, Vodafone is willing to shift their approach away from unit pricing and unit based tariffs to propositions that deliver much more value to customers in return for greater commitment, incremental penetration of the account or more balanced commercial costs. (E)CONOMIC: Economic factors include the economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. The pricing factors the company usually do is giving the consumers a right and justly cost so that, everybody can avail or purchase their product in a broad sense. (S)OCIAL: social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. The need for an equipment that can be a good device for every age range is available, since everybody are fully oriented in the use of the mobile technologies. (T)ECHNOLOGICAL: technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, like RD (Research and Development) activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. The technology is the thing that Vodafone is very proud of. The technological advancement enables the company to make a customer relationships stronger because of their customers trust that  built over the years. 2.1.2 SWOT Analysis for Vodafone PLC (S)TRENGTHS: The Companys strengths can be the reputation of the business in the local market because of the product in long run. The companys strengths are the strong bond of the company towards the customer and valuing them most as they craft another product. Another strength that can be depicted is the technology that is their greatest asset above the competitors. (W)EAKNESSES: The result of the weaknesses can be shortage of materials needed or more expensive purchase of materials in the target country. Meeting the customers demand is sometimes hard to cope. Every company must admit that reaching the customers taste and preferences are really hard to achieve. But these weaknesses will serve as a challenge in the company and they must prepare actions in answering these needs. (O)PPORTUNITIES: The opportunities can be a well established position when the business successfully landed in the foreign market. On growth opportunities, the three target areas are Mobile data, Enterprise and Broadband (T)HREATS: The threats can be large competitors that are waiting for the business that were undiscovered before conducting the study. This possibility is not that new. The Vodafone is not the only company that serving a kind of delicacy. SWOT Analysis for Vodafone PLC Dominance in Cellular Market Declining Market Share in Japanese Market Wide Geographical Presence Limited Exposure to Emerging Markets Expanding Geographic Presence Emergence of Low-Cost Brands Growth through 3G Market Saturation in Europe 2.1.3 STRATEGIC OPTION DEVELOPMENT Porters Generic Competitive Strategy Vodafone PLC has also been able to use Porters generic strategies to position itself in the marketplace.   This is a direct result of SWOT analysis. This framework also helps in deciding whether the organization is a cost leader, differentiator or a focus player accordingly, a company positions itself by leveraging its strengths. Porters three generic strategies are discussed in more detail in the following section. Cost leadership The companies that attempt to become the lowest-cost producers in an industry can be referred to as those following a cost leadership strategy. The company with the lowest costs would earn the highest profits in the event when the competing products are essentially undifferentiated, and selling at a standard market price. Differentiation When a company differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there would be extra costs that the company would have to incur. Focus Organisations can make use of the focus strategy by focusing on a specific niche in the market and offering specialised products for that niche. This is why the focus strategy is also sometimes referred to as the niche strategy (Lynch, 2003). Stuck in the middle According to Porter (1980), a companys failure to make a choice between cost leadership and differentiation essentially implies that the company is stuck in the middle. There is no competitive advantage for a company that is stuck in the middle and the result is often poor financial performance (Porter, 1980). Vodafone Generic Competitive Strategy is Low cost Competency Uniqueness Competency Border Target Narrow Target 2.1.4 STRATEGIC OPTIONS Vodafone PLC also aspires to uphold a high level of growth .Vodafones strategy up to date has been the key factor in its huge success and can carry on applying all of these strategies for the foreseeable future. Vodafones few strategic options are as follows 1. Merge between Vodafone and 3 Mobile Vodafone PLC and 3 mobile has proposed merger of the two companies. Both companies confirmed that, in the event of the merger proceeding as planned, all new and existing contract customers of Vodafone and 3 will be able to enjoy the same great value offered on all existing Vodafone and 3 mobile voice and data plans for the next 2 years. 2. Vodafone is considering a buyout of T-Mobile Vodafone is considering a buyout of T-Mobile Currently, O2 has the largest share of the UK market, but Vodafones 25% combined with T-Mobiles 15% would give the company two out of every five UK mobile customers. 3. Focusing for Diversification -Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment Market Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products in new markets. This is an inherently more risk strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience. Vodafone PLC can enter into electronic equipment market by using diversification strategy. Vodafone can produce Vodafone Television, Vodafone Microwaves, Vodafone Washing machine etc. Vodafone diversification production Task 03: Strategy Evaluation and Selection 3.1 Evaluations of Options The evaluation of strategic options is an important part of the strategy process, whether largely incremental and implicit or an explicit stage within a formal planning system. The Evaluation of Business Strategy we can Use SAF module .In corporate strategy, Johnson, Scholars and Whittington present a model in which strategic options are evaluated against three key success criteria. Suitability (would it work?) Feasibility (can it be made to work?) Acceptability (will they work it?) For evaluating purpose, I have selected only few strategic options. Strategic Option 01 Focusing for Diversification -Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment Market Strategic Option 02 Merge between Vodafone and 3 Mobile 3.2 Evaluations of selected Options Suitability Option 01 Option 02 Does the strategy address the circumstances In which the organisation is operating? Yes Yes Is the strategy viable? Yes Yes Does the strategy exploit core competences? Yes Yes Does the strategy address the external environment? Yes Yes Is the strategy viable and achievable given conditions within environment? Yes Yes Does the strategy build upon or exploit the strategic capabilities of the organisation? Yes Yes Does the strategy fit with the current Yes Yes corporate culture of the organisation? Does the strategy create/maintain Competitive advantage? Yes Yes Acceptability Share holders Does the strategy provide adequate financial Yes Yes retunes? Does the strategy lead to unacceptable risk? No Yes Will there be issues at social responsibility? No Yes Management Will the Management support the strategy Yes Yes Will they leave they leave the organization No Yes Staff Will there be strike or turnover due to No Yes Implementing new strategy? Will they support to the implementing Yes Yes the Strategy? Does the strategy have impact over there salary? Yes Yes Does the strategy have impact over job security? No Yes Customers Will They use our new services? Yes Yes Will it satisfy there needs? Yes Yes Will it answer their complaints? Yes Yes Supplies Will the suppliers support to the strategy? Yes Yes Will the change there product, Process and location Yes Yes To support our strategy? Do we can make guarantee on financial security ? Yes Yes after implementing new strategy? National Government Will be misfit with the law? No No Will theses violating policy of the government? No No Will government provide support for us? Yes Yes Pressure Group Will it be damaging Outcry? Yes Yes Does it go far enough to satisfy three complaints? No No Feasibility Does the organisation have the resources and capabilities to deliver the strategy? Yes Yes Does Vodafone has previous experience in Yes Yes Similar Strategy? 3.2 Strategic Decision and Recommendation Strategy When evaluating selected strategic options ,option 01 would be most favourable option over option 2. Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment Market Vodafone PLC can enter into electronic equipment market by using diversification strategy. Vodafone can produce Vodafone Television ,Vodafone Microwaves ,Vodafone Washing machine etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products in new markets. This is an inherently more risk strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience. Option 1 would fit to addresses the challenges of the external environment, is based upon or enhances the resources and capabilities of the organisation, builds or exploits synergies and is consistent with its corporate culture. This strategy complies with consideration of the anticipated rewards relative to the goals of the organisation. In addition, expectations of its key stakeholder groups. Anticipated rewards of option 1 will achieve possible returns relative to the risks incurred. Task 04: Strategy Implementation 4.1 Comparison of Role and Responsibility of Strategy Implementation Implementing Strategy gives a broad view of implementation and a thorough understanding of each piece of the implementation process. when implementing strategy will learn how to properly align corporate structure with corporate strategies and how to integrate strategy formulation and implementation by focusing on core areas. Strategy implementation skills are not easily mastered, unfortunately. In fact, virtually all managers find implementation the most difficult aspect of their jobs more difficult than strategic analysis or strategy formulation. When Implementing Strategy Someone needs to sign up as responsible for the action plan. Someone must say, yes, Ill do it. Youve got to identify that one person who will be carrying the ball. This is an absolute necessity for monitoring the plan. we must know whom to ask how is it going? And youve got to know whom to offer help to if, for whatever reason, the strategy isnt being accomplished. The manager responsible for the action plan is the same person responsible for the strategy the action plan is intended to implement. He signed up for that responsibility way back at strategy sessions. Selected Organization Marks Spencer (MS) M S is a major British retailer, with over 895 stores in more than 40 territories around the world, over 600 domestic and 295 international.. Virgin Trains: Virgin Trains is a train operating company in the United Kingdom. Although it is branded as part of the Virgin Group, the groups share in the company is only 51%, with the remaining 49% held by Stagecoach Group 4.2 Comparison of role and responsibilities in Strategy Implementation process. Even in the same industry the organisations practices different types of strategies to get competitive advantage over the industry and to become a market leader. In the strategy implementation process managers liable to carry out strategy implementation process as required. It should be lined with pre set standards. When comparing strategies of Virgin Train and Mark Spence they have their own strategies. The Virgin Train operates in the transport industry and where top management must make sure that strategy is comply with pre set objectives and it is going on in the right way. They need to always check whether there is any deviation from action plan. Resource allocation should be done throughout the implementation process as appropriate. Where top management need to concern about their major competitors while the strategy implementation process. In the Mark Spencer they are operating in the retail industry. Asda, Tesco, Morison, Sainsbury are their major competitors in the market. So that in the strategy implementation process Mark Spencer need to aware of their competitors strategies as well. Even organisations practices different types of strategies to get competitive advantages main roles and responsibilities are very common for every organisation. Common steps need to be fallowed in the strategy implementation process. Comply with action plan, resources allocation, identify deviation from objectives, monitoring and take control action, etc. Are can be seen in the every strategy implementation. In this process responsibilities have been allocated to relevant personnel and their responsibility is to act according to the action plan. 4.2 Resource Requirement of Implementing Selected Strategy When implementing strategy, Vodafone has to allocate resources in a logical order. . Those resources include financial, facilities and equipment, people and information. Vodafone PLC need to quantify the specific resources required to complete each of those action steps. Resources and capabilities of any firms can be measured through identifying its tangible and intangible resources and capabilities within. It ranges from financial, physical, technological and organizational; while intangible can be human, innovation and reputation assets Human Resource Normally most managers focus primarily on the financial resource. The resource which turns up scarce more often than any other is the human resource. Most often companies just plain run out of time or talent or time of their most talented people. No of employment must be decided by Line managers and floor Managers of the Vodafone PLC Financial Resources: Budget for Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment Market 4.3 Proposal for Vodafone Entering into Electronic Equipment Market This proposal is prepare to evaluate whether this strategy is success or not. After indentify external and internal factors affecting, Vodafone PLC has to decide whether all the selected strategy is financially viable and ability of meeting the selected target as well as it within the budget and time frame. 4.3.1 Target for Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment Market Introduce new product to existing customers and new customers by 10% within next six month [April 2011-September 2011] Improve frequency of purchase of Vodafone entering into Electronic equipment by 10% within each year. Re-position using the marketing mix. Increase Impulse segment by 25% within 12 month. 5.0 Conclusion Recommendation In a nut shell, the report examined Vodafone entering into Electronic Equipment Market. The report provided comprehensive insight into the company, including strategy formulation, strategy planning, strategy evaluation and selection as well as strategy implementation. This will involve in investigating the organizations external environment, to identify Opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capacity, capabilities to isolate key strengths and weakness as well as indentify the significant of significant of the stakeholder analysis and environment and organizational audit Business strategy plan is based on various business analysis techniques including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological), Marketing plan is based on SOSTAC framework. All activities integrated to achieve pre-established strategic objectives. External and internal forces have been evaluated by using SWOT analysis and PEST analysis model. Vodafone PLC could use its strong brand position. As financial aspect concerns NPV is positive, therefore based on financial points this strategy for into Electronic Equipment Market. The strategy is viable. But we need to take into account of non financial factors as well. Vodafone has to develop strong Marketing strategy when into Electronic Equipment Market .finally all These performances must be in line with bonus scheme to motivate employee 6.0 References Annual Report 2009. Vodafone. http://www.vodafone.com/static/annual_report09/downloads/VF_Annual_Report_2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-31.   Who we are. Vodafone Group Plc. http://www.vodafone.com/start/about_vodafone/who_we_are.html. Retrieved 23 August 2010.   Our global footprint. 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